知识库
先学知识点,再做题检验。当前:名词
01. 名词 (8个)
02. 冠词 (5个)
03. 代词 (4个)
04. 形容词与副词 (6个)
05. 介词 (6个)
06. 连词 (4个)
07. 动词时态 (19个)
08. 被动语态 (7个)
09. 情态动词 (4个)
10. 非谓语动词 (8个)
11. 定语从句 (7个)
12. 名词性从句 (8个)
13. 状语从句 (7个)
14. 虚拟语气 (5个)
15. 特殊句式 (8个)
16. 数词 (6个)
17. 直接引语与间接引语 (4个)
18. 句子成分与结构 (7个)
19. 构词法 (4个)
98. 张俊杰英语全语法体系(综合参考) (31个)
99. 英语全语法之简单原则 (12个)
可数名词与不可数名词
名词分类
重点 难度 2/3
通俗理解
名词分为可数和不可数两大类。可数名词可以数出数量(one apple, two apples),不可数名词无法逐个数(water, rice)。
可数名词的特点
* 有单复数形式:book → books
* 可以用 a/an 修饰:a book, an apple
不可数名词的特点
* 没有复数形式
* 不可以用 a/an 修饰
* 用量词表示:a glass of water, a piece of news
常见不可数名词
液体:water, milk, coffee, tea
材料:wood, paper, glass, gold
抽象:love, happiness, information, advice, news, homework, furniture, progress, money
易错的双重身份词
* glass 玻璃(不可数)/ 玻璃杯(可数)
* paper 纸(不可数)/ 报纸、论文(可数)
* time 时间(不可数)/ 次数(可数)
* chicken 鸡肉(不可数)/ 鸡(可数)
易混名词辨析
难度 2/3
易混不可数名词(常考)
* information(信息)/ message(消息,可数)
不可说 an information ✓ 说 a piece of information
可以说 a message
* advice(建议)/ suggestion(建议,可数)
不可说 an advice ✓ 说 a piece of advice
可以说 a suggestion
* work(工作)/ job(工作,可数)
I have work to do. / I have a job.
* news(新闻)→ 不可数但看起来像复数:
The news is good.(单数谓语!)
* furniture(家具)/ a piece of furniture
* luggage/baggage(行李)/ a piece of luggage
既可数又不可数的词(含意不同)
* room:空间(不可数)/ 房间(可数)
There is no room for you.(没空间)
There are three rooms.(三个房间)
* light:光(不可数)/ 灯(可数)
Light travels fast.(光)/ Turn off the lights.(灯)
* hair:头发整体(不可数)/ 几根头发(可数)
She has long hair.(头发多)/ There is a hair in my soup.(一根头发)
* experience:经验(不可数)/ 经历(可数)
He has much experience.(经验)/ I had many interesting experiences.(经历)
修饰词的选择
重点 难度 2/3
可数名词修饰词
many, few/a few, several, each, every
不可数名词修饰词
much, little/a little, a great deal of
两者皆可
some, any, a lot of, plenty of, enough, no
a few vs few
* a few = 有一些(肯定)
* few = 没几个(否定)
a little vs little
* a little = 有一点(肯定)
* little = 没啥(否定)
数量表达与量词
难度 2/3
不可数名词的量词搭配
a piece of: news/advice/information/paper/furniture
a cup/glass of: water/tea/coffee/milk
a bottle of: water/wine/beer
a bag of: rice/flour/sugar
a loaf of: bread
a slice of: bread/cake/cheese
可数名词的量词
a group of: people/students/children
a pair of: shoes/socks/glasses/scissors/trousers
a bunch of: flowers/keys/grapes
注意
a pair of + 复数名词 → 谓语用单数
A pair of shoes is on the floor.
Two pairs of shoes are on the floor.
名词复数形式
名词复数规则
重点 难度 2/3
规则变化
* 一般+s:book→books
* s/x/ch/sh/o+es:box→boxes, watch→watches
* 辅音+y→ies:city→cities
* f/fe→ves:wife→wives(例外:roof→roofs)
不规则变化(必背)
* man→men, woman→women, child→children
* foot→feet, tooth→teeth, mouse→mice
* sheep→sheep(单复数同形)
复合名词与外来词复数
难度 2/3
复合名词复数
* 主体词+s:passer-by→passers-by, mother-in-law→mothers-in-law
looker-on→lookers-on, editor-in-chief→editors-in-chief
* 无主体词的末尾+s:grown-up→grown-ups, go-between→go-betweens
* man/woman+名词两部分都变:man doctor→men doctors, woman teacher→women teachers
外来词复数(较正式)
* -us→-i:stimulus→stimuli, focus→foci/focuses
* -on→-a:phenomenon→phenomena, criterion→criteria
* -um→-a:datum→data, medium→media, bacterium→bacteria
* -is→-es:analysis→analyses, thesis→theses, crisis→crises, diagnosis→diagnoses
* -ix→-ices:index→indices/indexes, appendix→appendices
* -eau→-eaux:bureau→bureaux/bureaus
单复数同形词补充
* 物种:sheep, deer, fish, salmon, cod
* 国籍:Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Swiss
* 以-ese结尾表民族:Chinese, Japanese
* -s结尾单数词:means(方式), series(系列), species(物种), crossroads(十字路口)
* 度量/数量词后常用单数:two dozen eggs, three score years, five hundred miles
* 但不加of时加s:dozens of eggs, hundreds of people
集合名词
难度 2/3
集合名词
看作整体→单数,看作成员→复数
* family, team, class, committee, audience, government
总是复数的词
scissors, trousers, glasses, belongings, surroundings
学科名是单数
physics, economics, mathematics, politics 谓语用单数
名词所有格
名词所有格
重点 难度 2/3
"......的" 两种形式:'s 和 of
's 所有格
* 单数+'s:Tom's book
* 复数只加':the students' dormitory
* 共同拥有:Tom and Jerry's room(最后加's)
* 各自拥有:Tom's and Jerry's rooms(各加's)
of 所有格
the color of the car, the capital of China
双重所有格
a friend of my father's