知识库
先学知识点，再做题检验。当前：非谓语动词
01. 名词 (8个)
02. 冠词 (5个)
03. 代词 (4个)
04. 形容词与副词 (6个)
05. 介词 (6个)
06. 连词 (4个)
07. 动词时态 (19个)
08. 被动语态 (7个)
09. 情态动词 (4个)
10. 非谓语动词 (8个)
11. 定语从句 (7个)
12. 名词性从句 (8个)
13. 状语从句 (7个)
14. 虚拟语气 (5个)
15. 特殊句式 (8个)
16. 数词 (6个)
17. 直接引语与间接引语 (4个)
18. 句子成分与结构 (7个)
19. 构词法 (4个)
98. 张俊杰英语全语法体系（综合参考） (31个)
99. 英语全语法之简单原则 (12个)
不定式
不定式 to do
重点 难度 2/3
可做主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语
做主语
To learn is important.
It is important to learn English.
接to do的动词
want, hope, decide, plan, expect, agree, refuse, learn, promise, offer, manage, afford, pretend
省to的感官/使役动词
see/hear/watch/make/have/let
I saw him cross the street.
改为被动时to还原：He was seen to cross the street.
不定式的时态语态与省略
难度 2/3
不定式的时态语态
* 一般式 to do（与谓语同时或之后）
I want to go.
* 完成式 to have done（在谓语之前）
He seems to have finished.
* 进行式 to be doing（与谓语同时进行）
She seems to be sleeping.
* 被动式 to be done
The work needs to be done.
* 完成被动 to have been done
The book is said to have been translated into many languages.
不定式符号to的省略与保留
省略to的情况：
1.感官动词：see/hear/watch/notice + 宾语 + do
I saw him cross the street.
2.使役动词：make/have/let + 宾语 + do
He made me cry.
3.help后的to可省可不省：
I helped him (to) carry the box.
4.would rather / had better + do
You'd better go now.
保留to的情况（用to代替整个不定式）：
* Would you like to come? — Yes, I'd like to.
* I want to go, but you don't have to.
不定式作主语与表语
难度 2/3
不定式作主语
To learn English well takes time.
* 口语/写作中通常用 it 作形式主语：
It takes time to learn English well.
It is important to study hard.
It is my pleasure to help you.
不定式作表语
My goal is to become a doctor.
His only wish is to see his family again.
* 表示将来/计划/目标/愿望
* 表语不定式常带to，不可省略
不定式作定语（常考）
* 被修饰名词常与不定式构成动宾关系：
I have a lot of work to do.（do work）
He is looking for a house to live in.（live in the house）
I need a pen to write with.（write with a pen）
* 注意：当不定式中的动词是不及物动词时，要加介词
不定式作状语
* 目的（最常用）：I came here to see you.
I got up early to catch the train.
* 结果：He grew up to be a great scientist.
She woke up to find everyone gone.
* 原因（形容词后）：I'm glad to see you.
She is sorry to hear the news.
* 评注性状语：To be honest, I don't like it.
To tell you the truth, I'm tired.
To make matters worse, it started to rain.
动名词
动名词复合结构与固定句型
难度 2/3
动名词的逻辑主语（所有格/宾格）
* 正式：I don't mind his coming late.
* 口语：I don't mind him coming late.
* 所有格或用：his/him, my/me, Tom's/Tom
* 无生命名词用普通格：I'm surprised at the news being true.
动名词的时态语态
* 一般式：doing（与谓语同时/之后）
I enjoy reading.
* 被动式：being done
He avoided being seen.
* 完成式：having done（在谓语之前）
He admitted having stolen the money.
* 完成被动：having been done
He remembered having been taken to the hospital.
动名词的固定句型
* It is no use/good + doing：做...没用
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
* There is no + doing：不可能/没法
There is no knowing what will happen.
* be worth + doing：值得...
The book is worth reading.
* can't help + doing：忍不住...
I couldn't help laughing.
* feel like + doing：想要...
I feel like going for a walk.
* look forward to + doing：期待...
I look forward to hearing from you.
动名词 doing
重点 难度 2/3
兼具名词和动词特征
接动名词的动词
enjoy, finish, avoid, mind, suggest, admit, deny, consider, practice, imagine, risk, quit, keep, can't help
doing vs to do 区别（重点！）
* stop doing（停止做）vs stop to do（停下去做另一件）
* remember doing（记得做过）vs remember to do（记得要做）
* forget doing（忘记做过）vs forget to do（忘记要做）
* try doing（试着做）vs try to do（努力做）
* regret doing（后悔做过）vs regret to do（遗憾要做）
分词
分词
重点 难度 2/3
现在分词表主动/进行，过去分词表被动/完成
interesting vs interested
* interesting（令人感兴趣的→修饰物）
* interested（感到感兴趣的→修饰人）
类似：exciting/excited, boring/bored, tiring/tired
分词作定语
a crying baby（正在哭的宝宝）
a broken window（被打碎的窗户）
分词作状语
Walking in the park, I met an old friend.
（逻辑主语须等于句子主语）
独立主格
The rain having stopped, we went out.
分词的独立主格与固定搭配
难度 2/3
分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题
分词的逻辑主语必须等于句子主语：
* Walking in the park, I met an old friend.
(= When I was walking..., I met...)
如果逻辑主语不等于句子主语，需要用独立主格结构：
* The rain having stopped, we went out.
* All things considered, it's a good plan.
* He sat there, with his eyes closed.（with引导）
with + 宾语 + 分词的独立主格
* with + 名词 + 现在分词（主动）
With the guide leading, we walked through the forest.
* with + 名词 + 过去分词（被动）
With the work done, we went home.
* with + 名词 + 不定式（将来）
With so much work to do, I can't go out.
分词固定表达（已转化为介词/连词）
* generally speaking（一般说来）
* strictly speaking（严格来说）
* judging from/by（从...判断）
* considering（考虑到）
* given（鉴于/给定）
Given his age, he did a good job.
* provided/providing（假如）
Provided that you promise, you can go.
* compared to/with（与...相比）
Compared to you, I still have a lot to learn.
* concerning/regarding（关于）
分词作宾语补足语
难度 2/3
感官动词 + 宾语 + 分词（常考）
see/hear/watch/notice/find/observe + 宾语 + doing/done
* doing（主动/进行）：我看见他正在做某事
I saw him crossing the street.（正在过街）
I heard someone singing in the next room.
She found him sleeping on the sofa.
* done（被动/完成）：我看见某事被做
I saw him knocked down by a car.（他被车撞了）
I heard my name called.（我的名字被叫）
She found her wallet stolen.（钱包被偷）
* 不带to不定式（动作全过程）：
I saw him cross the street and enter the building.
（看见过街并进了楼——全过程的观察）
使役动词 + 宾语 + 分词
* have/get + 宾语 + done（请人做）：
I had my hair cut.
I got my car repaired.
* have + 宾语 + doing（让某人持续做）：
He had us waiting for an hour.
* leave/keep/find + 宾语 + doing/adj/done（保持/发现）：
Don't leave her waiting outside.
Keep the door closed.
I found him lying on the ground.